Most of the ongoing costs you mention for cars still apply--but there are also the occasional (possibly dramatic) changes to the interior 'cabin product' like new seats and entertainment systems, new fabrics/branding, new business class seats/pods, changes in seat layouts, etc in order to remain competitive in their market segment. Cars rarely have such significant refreshes, but software products often have analogous design and UX overhauls that are also intended to try to keep the software competitive in its market segment. And again airlines don't need to engage the specific airframe manufacturer like Boeing or Airbus for these, but they do need some semblance of a tech team that have certain domain expertise in aircraft engineering constraints.

Airframes also have major overhauls called MROs (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) about every 6-10 years, which again does not require the original manufacturer but does require significant engineering expertise. To me this is akin to certain ongoing software maintenance activities like updating a codebase to use newer library versions, major database version updates, API or SDK version compatibility, etc.

Also fun to see a mention of Dennis Crowley's proto-foursquare group project from grad school

0. https://www.buildkubik.com/

Hinton has some research on a forward-forward learning paradigm [1], which might be closer to how our brains learn (but the artificial implementations are not great yet). He also posits that maybe the purpose of humans' dreams are generating negative data for such a contrastive forward-forward learning mechanism.

[1] https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.13345

According to Wunderground's three-part series about the ORCS[1], there is some uncertainty as to whether it will be able to keep the Mississippi River on its current route without failure.

[1] https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Americas-Achilles-Heel-Mis...

[1] https://www.gwern.net/Scaling-hypothesis

Another hack to improve CSV workflows is OCHA's HXL[2] that is used by humanitarian organizations. Basically adding a row of hashtags in addition to column names, which is surprisingly useful considering the ease of adding these to a file.

[1] https://frictionlessdata.io/docs/tabular-data-package/ [2] http://hxlstandard.org/

[1] https://hbr.org/2018/09/how-to-exercise-the-power-you-didnt-...

I find it very easy to grok compared to choropleth maps and similar charts that attempt to stay true to geography.

Unlike other non-map presentations of US state data, this layout preserves ability to spot regional similarities visually.

Is there a name for this kind of chart layout?

Here's a great explanation and strategy for applying to software development: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/10/infor...

Most Americans have many credit cards, unlike consumers in Europe, for example, where chip+pin is the norm.

US banks and credit card companies worried that Americans wouldn't be able to remember 6 different PINs for 6 different cards. So, they prefer eating the overhead of fraudulent charges rather than potentially reducing the number of credit cards (and profit) each consumer uses