2. Definitely kickstarted it, but we're looking at taking that impact and continuing it for some 5 years after covid ended now.

3. You can look at the ULEZ map and it really covers everything but the outer tube line suburbs [1].

5. The control group in Luton, presumably, has the same lifestyle changes - it's not that far away (about 30 miles), so it is as close as you can get to a one to one comparison, not accounting for the fact that Luton is likely to be more deprived than London (especially in the council estates, which have horrible reputations).

[1] - https://tfl.gov.uk/ruc-cdn/static/cms/images/ulezdetailedmap...

I think this is the first one that has actually taken the pain to say how many of the discovered materials are actually feasible which is a real step in the right direction. Probably worth keeping in mind the step beyond plausible synthesis which is the actual cost/effort of the material. There's not much point if you find out RuO2 would be better than SiO2, as an example, if Ru is orders of magnitude more expensive.

A challenge I think you'll run into is that I expect the biggest companies (e.g. IBM) will already be doing the part they need themselves. I heard tell of IBM in particular using ML to improve their own chips before LLMs came along, so I'd be shocked if these bigger companies weren't already doing this for their own problems. Also, if you aren't doing the experiments yourself, it's always going to be a challenge to find a partner to test things for you and this will probably be the major time sink.

There are two challenging things here that makes this a discovery. One, making the material, which is extremely difficult to verify as altermagnetic due to the nature of measuring these materials. Two, the measurement, which combines two techniques to distinguish this as separate from antiferromagnetism.

It is a huge push forwards for the budding field since it provides a really nice way to go to a large-scale synchrotron with your altermagnet and study it in detail.

The application is this: We would like to use ferromagnets and spin currents to make spin-electronic devices ("spintronic") where only the spin information is transferred without any large electrical currents. The goal of this is to save energy from Joule heating as spin can flow with significantly lower energy dissipation.

Ferromagnets run into a lot of problems: they have a stray field, so patterned elements will interact and interfere with each other that sets a limit on how dense each nanostructure can be. Antiferromagnets have a big problem: they are extraordinarily difficult to measure and that is a challenge to overcome.

So the benefit that altermagnetic materials presents is a clear union that tries to overcome the problems of both while retaining the strengths of both.

The exact definition of the ordering of an altermagnet is a bit subtle and it mostly comes from an understanding of how the electronic band structure is different as compared with normal antiferromagnets.

Pirate bay and sci-hub get affected by copyright law more than anything else and, to the best of my knowledge, kiwifarms is protected by section 230 in that respect and has always complied with legitimate takedown requests.

What is complicating the interpretation here is the log scale (and lack of conversion to resistivity): It is amplifying the impression of the noise below what they call Tc, and making it harder to interpret the approach of the material to the transition point. The behaviour at the approach to Tc also doesn't really look like a metal, which should scale as propto T, or a semiconductor which should increase with decreasing temperature. Possibly a result of it being some horrible mixed phase ceramic.