Somewhat unclear how particularly novel this is vs a way to save compute.

Looking forward to trying bitbang! Seems super neat

I think Iroh has a way of doing it using either DNS or BitTorrent DHT. Not perfect but fairly decentralized

https://github.com/AndyHazz/bookshelf.koplugin

My understanding is a lot of the loans have gone PIK or otherwise essentially aren’t serviceable at current prices. Do you think that’s resolvable somehow or just lagging implosion?

Anisotropy in word embeddings dates back to at least 2017 with word2vec - where there were zero layers.

The cone-shaped anisotropy in transformers is known since at least Gao et al. 2019. That lineage explained it fairly intuitively as an artifact of word frequency and softmax geometry (so a training dynamic).

A variety of papers followed up by adding post-hoc ‘whitening’ steps (from classical statistics/NLP), then adding regularizers to the loss to penalize the anisotropy, eventually penalizing the covariance matrix (a la VICReg), and then the SIGReg method as a computationally much cheaper way to approximate the full covariance.

As another commenter pointed out it’s also similar to the InfoNCE/contrastive learning objectives. Where terms to increase uniformity (spread out evenly) on the hyper sphere were added. Like the SimCSE (Gao 2021) paper or the excellent alignment/uniformity breakdown from Wang & Isola 2020.

This proposed dispersion loss seems to be similar in that it pushes things apart by penalizing cosine similarity. Although this one works on the tokens within one sequence. Usually contrastive methods mean pool the sequences and then contrast against the other pooled sequences in the batch.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)

I particularly dislike when old intentionally-dynamic music is remastered to be “modernized” into a brick, which is sort of the opposite direction.

> Cinema mixes

I didn’t know about these, that’s neat! Makes sense that the levels can’t really be the same in my living room as a theater. Is it really a whole separate mix or just some compression in mastering?

I really hope that’s not another masterings collection rabbit hole I’m about to fall down haha. I’ll look out for some Dolby certified venues in my area too

I’ve always been curious - but presumably that’s true even after volume matching?

> 3 Compressed sound works better in noisy environments and as background music

I’ve heard this is also why film and video game soundtracks are often very compressed, even when orchestral, because they have to fit in the background with dialog/sfx

If you remember making a playlist where one song is suddenly much louder than the last, and you’re riding the volume knob on every other song, you’ll see why this is nice!

You can see some examples of how dynamic range (they don’t track ‘mastering’ overall) varies across releases on this site: https://dr.loudness-war.info/

https://github.com/FoxxMD/multi-scrobbler

Funds are plenty willing to lend other peoples money to get guaranteed dividends and fee payments and not be left holding the risk. Retirement funds are the bag holder - but they won’t realize till later.

There’s structural pressure to buy from PE because insurance/pension is designed as fixed payout requiring say 7% yield forever. In a world where investment-grade bonds pay 4% and demographics are shifting from net-inflow to net-outflow, liquidity is _tight_. Meanwhile PE was promising 10% a year or whatever (someone call Madoff…) so that was preferable to the hard conversations of the funds failing. At the cost of kicking the can down to the road and making it worse in the future.

If this sounds like 2008 that’s because it is. But bigger and worse, and happening in wayyy more than just mortgages this time.