I'm always puzzled by how often I see this happen in the open source community. Can the llama.cpp take legal action against Ollama for this? What's the point of these licensing requirements if they aren't (or can't be) enforced meaningfully? Note: I'm not blaming the llama.cpp team for inaction here, I just want to see them get some justice!

So how does it change shape? Well this part is actually something I don't fully grasp myself yet. But I can sketch a crude bayesian interpretation, which is how I think of it. Not completely correct but works as a placeholder until I fully work out the math of updating the parameters.

Basically, from a bayesian perspective we can condition the joint distribution of function outputs as a likelihood conditioned on the kernel parameters theta: p(f(x1), f(x2), ... | theta).

Then we can derive the posterior distribution over theta p(theta | f(x1), f(x2), ...) like so:

p(theta | f(x1), f(x2), ...) ≈ p(f(x1), f(x2), ... | theta) p(theta).

So we fit the theta parameters based on how well it fits the observed data we feed our bayesian model.

FWIW, I recommend chapter 14 of Richard McElreath's Statistical Rethinking for a better introduction of GPs. This article kind of glosses over a lot of the intuition and introductory concepts that you need to really grok it.

He's not saying the true process is changing, just the functions that are being sampled from the GP. The true process refers to the true, underlying function so it's deterministic if you have correctly identified all its inputs.

> So is the shape of each function changing?

Yes, the function changes shape as you get more data because the parameters governing that function (that we define in the kernel) are updated with new observational data, so that over time it converges to the 'true' process/function we are trying to discover.

> What is the 'distribution' over the functions doing? Is that also changing? Is the said 'distribution' just flat mean of these functions?

I think you're confused because the example given with cheese is really confusing when we're trying to understand the functions as arising from a multivariate distribution. So, I'll try to clarify that part. GPs are typically used to represent some function where the input is time or distance. This is why its called a 'process' - because the variables in a random process are indexed by space or time. So in this 1D example, in the X domain, [x1, x2, x3] represents something like fixed increments of increasing cheese. f(X) represents the gold amount. Now imagine gold can take any value from 0-100. Now plot all possible values of f(x1) on the x axis of a grid, f(x2) on the y-axis of the grid, and f(x3) on the z-axis of the grid. We have 100^3 points in this 3D grid. If we select one point, it's x,y,z coordinates correspond to the f(x1), f(x2) and f(x3) gold amounts. The dimension index, corresponds (typically) to something like time, or distance. In this example it's cheese.

In a GP, we're modeling the sampled f(X) point as if its from a 3D multivariate normal distribution. So sampling one point gives us the gold amount for cheese amount 1, 2, and 3. This is the 'function', and as we sample more points, we get more 'functions' that give us varying gold amounts for cheese amount 1, 2, and 3. And because it's a multivariate distribution, we can capture correlations between dimensions, so the amount of gold you get for cheese-1, should influence how much gold you get at cheese-2 because its close by. This relationship is defined by the covariance function of the gaussian.

> GP(m(x), k(x, x')) What is 'x' here? (Sigh! We need to learn to define the variables before using.) I can infer that x' is not derivative of x.

x refers to some amount of gold, and k(x, x') just means that the kernel consumes any two values in our X vector (i.e. [x1, x3] or [x1, x2]).

> "In the context of GPs, a kernel or covariance function k(x, x') = Cov(f(x), f(x')), encodes which function values should vary together." It does not seem the 'f' here is intended to be the specific 'f' introduced at the beginning of the article.

I believe it is the same f actually. He's saying the kernel function takes in two values of x (cheese), and outputs the covariance between their output gold amounts. This illustrates his previous point that the "closeness" between x values should be reflected in the gold amounts.

> The plots now have y and x, and x1 and x2. How are these related?

y is gold. x is cheese. x1, x2 correspond to the first two x-values in the linear plot.

> And with k(x, x') = Cov(f(x), f(x')), what is 'f' for the various kernel functions being plotted.

f(X) is the approximation of the "true" process we're trying to learn from observational data. The observations are tuples of cheese and gold amoutns, so f(x), f(x') is just the corresponding gold amount, we don't actually model that function explicitly. The gaussian distribution we are sampling from for functions just models correlations between our variables, so it represents the function implicitly.

> In 2017, Amodei hired Page Hedley, a former public-interest lawyer, to be OpenAI’s policy and ethics adviser. In an early PowerPoint presentation to executives, Hedley outlined how OpenAI might avert a “catastrophic” arms race—perhaps by building a coalition of A.I. labs that would eventually coördinate with an international body akin to NATO, to insure that the technology was deployed safely. As Hedley recalled it, Brockman didn’t understand how this would help the company beat its competitors. “No matter what I said,” Hedley told us, “Greg kept going back to ‘So how do we raise more money? How do we win?’ ” According to several interviews and contemporaneous records, Brockman offered a counterproposal: OpenAI could enrich itself by playing world powers—including China and Russia—against one another, perhaps by starting a bidding war among them. According to Hedley, the thinking seemed to be, It worked for nuclear weapons, why not for A.I.?

Brockman and his wife were the biggest donors to Donald Trump's Super PAC, MAGA Inc., in 2025 with each of them donating US$12.5 million. Brockman and his wife also donated $50 million to Leading the Future, a super PAC dedicated to AI deregulation that he helped found with Andreessen Horowitz co-founders Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz.

Comments URL: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46356776

Points: 2

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Comments URL: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41406175

Points: 3

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I think the analogy of the brain as hardware devices ("neural processor", "I/0 devices", etc) is misleading. I think I understand the very strict mind-matter dualism you're alluding to here. But so far attempts at using actual computer hardware to reproduce human-like cognition has gotten nowhere close, despite consuming order of magnitude more energy and data.

But how can you get credible probability distributions from the LLMs? My understanding is that the outputs specifically can't be interpreted as a probability distribution, even though superficially they resemble a PMF, due to the way the softmax function tends to predict close to 100% for the predicted token. You can still get an ordered list of most probable tokens (which I think beam search exploits), but they specifically aren't good representations of the output probability distribution since they don't model the variance well.

Comments URL: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40240982

Points: 6

# Comments: 1

>> P(next_word|previous_words)

So the "next_word" is conditioned on "previous_words" (plural), which I took to mean the joint distribution of all previous words.

But, I think even that's too reductive. The transformer is specifically not a function acting as some incredibly high-dimensional lookup table of token conditional probabilities. It's learning a (relatively) small amount of parameters to compress those learned conditional probabilities into a radically lower-dimensional embedding.

Maybe you could describe this as a discriminative model of conditional probability, but at some point, we start describing that kind of information compression as semantic understanding, right?

I initially was leaning to this being a high possibility of a delusion springing from a mentally unstable person, for all the reasons other commentators are mentioning. But, two things in particular struck me that changed my mind:

1. She apparently mentioned the abuse to her mother as a child.

2. She describes childhood behaviour consistent with someone who has experienced sexual abuse (i.e. thoughts of suicide, weird night behaviour like taking baths, body issues as she got older).

A small child doesn't have any incentive to make accusations, or to pretend to have been assaulted. If true, this should be taken seriously. Her mother is still alive, and there may be doctors, relatives or others that would be able to substantiate these points.

Finally, why has this post (and previous related posts) been repeatedly flagged? It's very troubling, I expect this from some HN users, but would have thought the HN moderators would have unflagged (or reposted) it upon consideration of the seriousness, importance of the subject matter, and undeniable relevance to the tech industry. At minimum, you would think someone would have unflagged them to avoid the appearance of bias and favorable treatment to the former YC president. At this point HN looks really sleazy.

Comments URL: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38295163

Points: 2

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Comments URL: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38181408

Points: 202

# Comments: 159

However, I think there is a quantifiable benefit from making the monitor light directly dependent on environmental light, which forces our perception to adjust to a more, low contrast, diffuse environmental context.

Part of the problem is that "brightness" in the context of monitors is different from how "brightness" is used in science of light, where it is defined as the subjective perception of light that changes relative to differences in light levels[1]. So you can see your way to the washroom in the middle of the night with no lights, but can't see your way back after you turned on the washroom light, because your subjective perception of light (brightness) has changed, even though objectively the amount of visible light (illuminance) has not changed.

Therefore, having a screen lit by the environment, would shift your perception of light to better see duller, low-light conditions, which is better for our eyes, since more uniform, diffuse light causes less strain than strong, directed light.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightness

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function